{"id":2040,"date":"2022-03-21T11:59:13","date_gmt":"2022-03-21T08:29:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/petrofarayand.com\/?page_id=2040"},"modified":"2022-03-21T12:39:25","modified_gmt":"2022-03-21T09:09:25","slug":"cathodic-protection-equipment","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/petrofarayand.com\/en\/cathodic-protection-equipment\/","title":{"rendered":"Cathodic Protection Equipment"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Cathodic Protection Equipment<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Transformer Rectifier<\/h2> <\/div>\n \n\t
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Transformer is one of the important and strategic equipment of cathodic protection system.\u00a0 Impressed current cathodic protection systems, a transformer or direct current power supply is used to increase the potential of the electrons from the anodes to provide the desired protective current.\u00a0 Almost all impressed current cathodic protection systems use alternating current transformers as power supply.<\/p>

\u00a0These transformers are designed to meet IEC, IPS and other standards of the customer.\u00a0 One and three phase transformers up to 400 volts and frequency 50\/60 Hz are produced in this company.\u00a0 Depending on the situation, these transformers are cooled by air or oil. Also, these transformers can work outdoors or indoors and in the temperature range of -20 to 55 degrees.<\/p>

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Anodes<\/h2> <\/div>\n \n\t
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Sacrificial Anodes<\/h3>

These types of anodes have a limited lifespan and are used for cathodic protection of underground lines with limited length and temporary cathodic protection and for this reason they are also known as sacrificial anodes.<\/p>

Permanent Anodes<\/h3>

For large structures or where the electrolyte resistance is high, galvanic anodes cannot technically and economically provide the necessary current for protection.\u00a0 In these cases, a current injection system is used. In this system, the anodes are connected to a direct current power supply, which is often a transformer.\u00a0 The anodes in this system are available in a variety of sizes and shapes.\u00a0 Anodes in the form of tubes, rods, ribbons and wires are made of different materials.<\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Connection box and test points and markers<\/h1> <\/div>\n \n\t
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Bonding Box is used in cathodic protection systems to connect trans-rectifier cables to anodes and structures.\u00a0 Pipeline potential with respect to soil, pipeline flow, stray flow through the pipeline, strength of insulation connections, etc. can be measured through the bond box.\u00a0 Cathodic protection multifunction junction boxes are designed in such a way that the user can easily attach the appropriate items and equipment to it.\u00a0 These boxes are used for coastal and marine environments in safe and high risk (EX) environments.\u00a0 Boxes used for safe environments are produced in two types, normal and IP.\u00a0 The company also offers boxes suitable for EX environments by providing valid certificates.<\/p>

The route of the pipeline and the beginning and end of the cathodic protection groundbed are marked with a marker.\u00a0 The marker base is made of iron pipe with a diameter of 75, 100 or 150 mm (according to request).\u00a0 The sunshade is also made of iron plate with a thickness of 2 or 3 mm.<\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Reference electrodes<\/h2> <\/div>\n \n\t
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One of the methods of protecting the structure against corrosion is the installation and implementation of cathodic protection system.\u00a0 In order to monitor the performance of the cathodic protection system and to evaluate and compare the results, the potential of the structure relative to a reference electrode should be measured.\u00a0 Reference electrodes are divided into the following two general categories:<\/p>

\u00a01- Permanent<\/p>

\u00a02- Portable<\/p>

Because portable reference electrodes are separated from structures, these types of electrodes are called half-cells.\u00a0 Types of reference electrodes are:<\/p>

  1. Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE or NHE)<\/li>
  2. Calomel Standard Electrode (SCE)<\/li>
  3. Reference electrode Cu \/ CuSo4) CSE)<\/li>
  4. Reference electrode Ag \/ AgCl (SSE)<\/li>
  5. Reference electrode Zn or Zn \/ ZnSo4) ZSE)<\/li><\/ol>

    Applications<\/strong><\/p>

    \u00a0(<\/strong>Cu\/CuSo4, Zn\/ZnSo4)Soil<\/p>

    \u00a0(Ag\/AgCl\/0.5 M KCL, Cu\/CuSo4)Fresh Water<\/p>

    \u00a0(Ag\/AgCl\/Standard KCL, Zn)Salt Water<\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Cables<\/h2> <\/div>\n \n\t
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    The use of dual HMWPE \/ PVDF cables is recommended when corrosion resistance needs to be improved, for example in deep substrates.\u00a0 Empirically, anode cables in deep wells are the main cause of system inefficiencies.\u00a0 So that by establishing the flow, a large amount of chlorine gas is produced.\u00a0 This destructive gas destroys the insulation cover, leading to the failure of the copper cable and the loss of the anode in the cathode protection circuit.<\/p>

    \u00a0The most widely used cables of the cathodic protection system are with aluminum and copper cores and according to its application and the amount of chlorine in the environment, it has a coating composed of PVC, XLPE, PE, HMWPE and PVDF.\u00a0 These cables are controlled, tested and inspected according to the requirements of IEC, BS, VDE and JIS standards to all their important characteristics such as DC resistance, insulation resistance, voltage test, attenuation, impedance capacitance for RF cables and cables.\u00a0 Audio and physical specifications of the cable are checked.<\/p>

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    Applications of HMWPE Cables<\/h2>

    This type of cable is designed to create lead connections of anodes in various environments.\u00a0 The cable's dual insulation structure allows it to be placed directly in the ground or used in fresh water or salt water.\u00a0 Sometimes due to the presence of chlorine and hydrogen gases in the environment, the use of this cable is highly recommended<\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Coke Breeze<\/h2> <\/div>\n \n\t
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    Coke Breeze is a type of carbon backfill material that is placed around the anode.\u00a0 Its applications are as follows:<\/p>

    • Reduces the electrical resistance of the environment around the anode to increase the amount of current that the anode can discharge.<\/li>
    • Increases the anode level. Therefore, it discharges more current.<\/li>
    • Reduces anode consumption because carbon is consumed like an anode itself before the anode is consumed.<\/li><\/ul>

      \u00a0The size and shape of the coke grains are very important. Both parameters determine the amount of contact between the anode and the surrounding soil, resulting in porosity.\u00a0 This porosity plays an important role in the release of gas.\u00a0 Common use of coke breeze is for horizontal anodic substrates, shallow vertical or dry wells.<\/p>

      Generally carbonaceous backfill material usually is one of the following types:<\/p>

      • Type 1: Coal coke breeze<\/li>
      • Type 2: Calcined petroleum coke breeze<\/li>
      • Type 3: Special calcined petroleum coke breeze<\/li><\/ul>

        Types 1 and 2 are commonly used in shallow anodic substrates and type 3 in deep anodic substrates.\u00a0 According to IPS-M-TP-750\/2 standard, three types of carbon backfill materials are provided that have high amounts of carbon (metallurgical coke 80%, petroleum coke 90% and special petroleum coke 95%).<\/p>

        \"\"<\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Cathodic protection coupons<\/h2> <\/div>\n \n\t
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        Coupons are generally divided into two types:<\/p>

        \u00a0 Corrosion coupons:<\/strong><\/p>

        These Coupons should be installed where the amount of protection current received by them is similar to that of the structure, and after a certain period of time, these coupons are removed and weighed.\u00a0 Corrosion rate is the weight loss per unit time.<\/p>

        Polarization coupons:<\/strong><\/p>

        One of the ways in which the performance of the cathodic protection system can be evaluated is the use of polarization coupons. These coupons are electrically connected to the protected structure.<\/p>

        \u00a0In other words, polarization coupons can be used to monitor the cathodic protection system. One of the advantages of these coupons is that the potential of the structure can be measured without interrupting multiple power supplies and by eliminating IR drop.<\/p>

        \u00a0<\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Insulation Kits<\/h2> <\/div>\n \n\t
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        Petro Farayand Alvand Company produces insulation kits for all flange sizes as well as all pressures.\u00a0 These kits are usually installed at the beginning and end of each pipe section and wherever the pipeline is moved from the underground to the above ground to electrically bury the pipe from the rest of the external metal structure and insulate the Earthing system and also prevent leakage of current in cathodic protection system.<\/p>

        Flange insulation kits include middle gaskets, insulating washers and insulating sleeves that are produced and offered in integrated packages.<\/p>

        \u00a0There are two types of production kits:<\/p>

        \u00a0Flange insulation kit (cathodic protection)<\/p>

        E Type<\/strong><\/p>

        \u00a0 In type E or full-faced gaskets, the outer diameter is equal to the flange, and the flange holes are installed exactly on it.<\/p>

        \u00a0Type E gaskets are produced in two simple types, either Neoprene face phenolic or heat-resistant material.<\/p>

        Type F<\/strong><\/p>

        Type F gasket covers the raised face part of the flange and there is no hole on it.\u00a0 Type F gaskets are also produced and offered in two simple types, Neoprene face phenolic or heat-resistant material.<\/p>

        \u00a0 Dielectric flange separation kits for ASME flanges B16.5, B.1647, API are available in all sizes and classes, from 1.2 to 80 inches.<\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        Polarization Cell<\/h2> <\/div>\n \n\t
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        Decoupler or DC current separator instruments in electrolytic polarization (PC) and electronic (PCR) types are connected to the cathodic protection structure and separate the earthing system from the cathodic protection system, which wastes the current of the cathodic protection system towards a noble metal ( As ground electrode) prevents.\u00a0 The passage of AC current includes fault and lightning and prevent the loss of DC current to ground is principles of operation in polarization cells.\u00a0<\/p>

        All\u00a0 Types of polarization Cells:<\/p>

        • Electrolytic polarization cell (liquid)<\/li>
        • Electronic polarization Cell (Solid)<\/li><\/ul> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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          Spark Gap<\/h3> <\/div>\n \n\t
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          Spark gap is installed on flanges that have an insulation kit.\u00a0 Due to the fact that the gaskets (middle insulation washers) of the insulation kit have electrical and physical resistance against a certain voltage, which may be damaged during lightning or possible gaskets faults.\u00a0 For this reason, spark gap is used to protect the gasket.\u00a0 Spark gap is offered in the type suitable for safe and high-risk areas (EX).<\/p>

          \u00a0Spark gap is normally disconnected and connects the two networks in the event of a lightning strike in a fraction of a second.\u00a0 Spark gap consists of two electrodes separated by a gap, usually filled with a gas such as air or sulfur hexafluoride.<\/p> <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n \t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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          \n\t\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Cathodic Protection Equipment Transformer Rectifier Transformer is one of the important and strategic equipment of cathodic protection system.\u00a0 Impressed current cathodic protection systems, a transformer or direct current power supply is used to increase the potential of the electrons from the anodes to provide the desired protective current.\u00a0 Almost all impressed current cathodic protection systems […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/petrofarayand.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2040"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/petrofarayand.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/petrofarayand.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/petrofarayand.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/petrofarayand.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2040"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"http:\/\/petrofarayand.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2040\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2049,"href":"http:\/\/petrofarayand.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2040\/revisions\/2049"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/petrofarayand.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2040"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}